Trees and Wildfires

Trees face many challenges including pressure from overdevelopment, climate change, exotic pests/diseases, storms etc.. One of the most noticeable environmental challenges is wildfire. Fires are often created in nature due to drought conditions and lightning strikes. Fires can also be caused indirectly from human activities and something as small as a flicked cigarette butt in the wrong place can cause a devastating fire.
While fires can be disruptive and dangerous certain species of trees have evolved to tolerate and in some cases require periodic fire events to reproduce and thrive. The US Forest Service along with many State forestry agencies routinely conduct controlled burns to help eliminate undergrowth and improve the health of forests. The National Forest Foundation further discusses how trees thrive and survive in fire prone areas.

Image used courtesy of Mike McMillan/Spotfire Images

Image used courtesy of the Government of Alberta

Vertical Forests

The typical urban environment includes many challenges for establishing a proper tree canopy. Limited space, utility and infrastructure conflicts, pollution, disease and inadequate root and canopy space are some of the more critical ones. These challenges have compelled Urban Foresters to seek out technology and outside the box thinking when it comes to finding places to plant trees. Silva cells, mounded planting, structural soil and use of the right tree in the right place has helped provide solutions for these challenges.
Recently architects and designers have found new places to start planting trees: on rooftops and within multi-story buildings. An article by Fast Company covers this latest trend. When dealing with an ever changing urban environment finding new places to plant trees should always be a priority as they provide a wealth of health and environmental benefits.

Image used courtesy of Fast Company

Image used courtesy of Inhabitat.com

 

Visual Indicators of Tree Stress

How can you tell when a tree is under stress and requires attention or maintenance? Tree stress can be caused by both environmental and manmade factors including: droughts, lightning strikes, excessive rain and wind, construction damage, utility trenching, and a host of other factors.   Some typical visual stress symptoms include sudden leaf drop, unexpected leaf color change (green to yellow or brown), canopy and/or branch wilting, amounts of dead twigs suddenly increases and sudden branch or twig drop. Ensuring your tree is inspected annually by an ISA Arborist for defects, stress, and nutritional needs is a simple way to help keep your trees healthy and green.


For information on some of the most common tree stress signs and causes, please read this AccuWeather article.

Image used courtesy of askextension.org

 Image used courtesy of TCN Journal

Image used courtesy of Staytoevents.com

 

The Future of Street Lighting and Trees

Trees and light poles/fixtures are commonplace along most streets in urban environments. While they both provide ample benefits related to quality of life and security, trees are highly regarded for their environmental attributes. However, it is not unusual for the positioning of tree canopies to conflict with safety and required on-street/pedestrian level lighting.
Older style light poles require significant maintenance to replace bulbs, which are often energy inefficient, and keep them clear from existing tree canopy. Efforts are currently underway to retrofit existing light poles with LED’s, incorporating smaller acorn light fixtures and pedestrian up-lighting into tree pits to avoid canopy conflicts. With technological advancement, research is also ongoing to potentially turn trees into light sources using bioluminescent (production of light by a living organism) genes.
How amazing would it be to have a tree lined street lit up at night using only the trees themselves! Bioluminescent animals, ferns and insects already exist in nature. According to a Fast Company Article, researchers are trying to isolate the gene that makes microalgae glow for the purpose of genetically engineering trees into natural streetlights. If successful, this could have a significant impact on future energy savings as their will be less reliance on electricity, use of traditional up-lights, and light poles along streets.

Trees and Stormwater Benefits

I came across a new article from Columbia University that added some additional insight into how trees can help mitigate storm water. A recent study by Columbia University showed that trees in an urban/city setting that were planted and protected by a tree barrier, grate, fence etc. had a greater capacity to absorb storm water than those that did not. In fact the study showed that trees were 6 times more effective in absorbing storm water runoff when protected by barriers. This makes perfect sense as compacted soil(s) and a compacted root area is less permeable to water than an un compacted area. So its not just planting trees but protecting their planting space itself that leads to an increase in storm water mitigation. Interesting read for sure and if you would like to see the full article please follow the below web link:

 

Credit Lizzie Adkins, Columbia University



https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180123171505.htm

Trees and Bioswales

Trees have many benefits but one of the most important revolves around their capacity to mitigate and filter storm water discharge as a component of a bioswale. Bioswales are storm water runoff conveyance systems that provide an alternative to storm sewers. They can absorb low flows or carry runoff from heavy rains to storm sewer inlets or directly to surface waters. Bioswales improve water quality by infiltrating the first flush of storm water runoff and filtering the large storm flows they convey. Trees have a large capacity to intercept rainwater by capturing rain droplets with their canopy and absorbing rainwater through their root zones. In addition recent studies have shown that trees grow better in bioswales and improve rainwater filtration by creating channels through the soil profile. For additional information on bioswales and trees please visit the below weblinks:

http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/research-shows-trees-in-bioswales-provide-significant-stormwater-benefits

http://stormwater.wef.org/2015/10/study-examines-performance-trees-bioswales/

The Liberty Tree

I came across a very interesting article concerning American history as it relates to one tree in particular. The Liberty tree is mentioned quite often in American history (subject of a poem "Liberty Tree" by Thomas Paine) and was a site of many very important protests including the Stamp Act. One of the most telling quotes originated with Thomas Jefferson who stated "The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure". The Liberty elm tree was originally located in Boston Massachusetts on the Boston common and was felled in 1775 by British troops. Plans are underway to renovate Liberty Tree Plaza including installation of a new elm tree. To learn more about the history of the Liberty Tree please visit the below web links:

Images used courtesy of Wordpress and Smithsonian.com

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/story-behind-forgotten-symbol-american-revolution-liberty-tree-180959162/

http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/educational-resources/article-liberty-tree.shtml

Tree Pruning Safety/ ISA Certified Arborists

 Anytime you are considering having your trees pruned remember to hire an ISA Certified Arborist with proper training and liability insurance. These are individuals/companies with the expertise and knowledge to best manage your tree canopy needs. Tree pruning is second only to electric utility work as one of the most hazardous occupations and should only be performed by those with the knowledge/experience to do it properly. However, should you choose to prune trees by yourself some common sense advice includes staying away from any tree within 15-30 feet of overhead utility lines, using proper protective equipment (hard hat, safety glasses, gloves, hearing protection, chaps etc.), using sharp and proper tools (don't use a machete to prune small tree branches, use hand pruners/lopper instead) and consult with an ISA Certified Arborist and or County Extension personnel with knowledge of proper tree pruning methods/techniques. Typically less is more when it comes to tree pruning and often times the only work needed is to remove deadwood/defects or to achieve clearance. When shortcuts are taken or you utilize an unlicensed/untrained individual or company bad things can happen. Please visit the links below to learn more about the consequences.

Images courtesy of Homestead Tree Service and Marin Independent Journal

http://fox8.com/2017/11/14/one-worker-killed-one-injured-while-trimming-tree-in-akron/

http://wbtw.com/2017/11/16/man-dies-after-falling-from-tree-in-socastee/

https://www.tcia.org/TCIA/Blog_Items/2016/An_Analysis_of_Civilian_Tree_Care_Accidents_in_2015.aspx

Veteran's Day and Tying a Yellow Ribbon Around An Oak Tree

In honor of our Veteran military heroes I thought I'd delve into history and write a bit about where the tie a yellow ribbon around a tree tradition came from. It has its most recent roots in a song from 1973 and how it related to the Iranian Hostage Crisis in 1979. The song was entitled "Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak tree" by Dawn. Since that time tying a yellow ribbon around an oak tree has become synonymous with supporting the military especially for troops stationed overseas. To learn more about the tradition and to support our troops I have included a link to the Yellow Ribbon Foundation and an article on the origins below.

http://www.yellowribbonfund.org/
https://wp.yellowribbonamerica.org/history-of-the-yellow-ribbon/

Halloween Lore as It Relates to Trees and Plants

As Halloween is right around the corner I thought it would be fun to bring some of it's tree/plant related history to the front. Many of us have Halloween traditions which have included trick or treating, pumpkin carving and putting up decorations in our trees and yards. But were you aware that most of these traditions are based in history dating back to the Romans and Celtics and the festivals of Samhain and Pamona which celebrated the harvest and Summer's end. Enjoy the below article which delves into much greater detail on the history of Halloween and the influence of trees.

http://www.learn2grow.com/gardeningguides/seasonalgardening/holiday/HalloweenPlantsLore.aspx

Another Example of Taking Extreme Measures to Preserve A Tree

Preservation of mature tree canopy is of utmost importance when developing a property site, as the elder statesmen add character and provide extensive environmental benefits. However, in some instances it is not feasible to preserve existing large canopy trees and tree relocation is an excellent alternative. Relocations of large "Specimen" type trees have always fascinated me. The most important factor is preserving as much of the root zone area as possible which can lead to a very heavy tree and complications with relocation logistics. In the below story a 200 year old green buttonwood tree weighing in excess of 48,000 lbs. is being relocated from private property to a City Park. This involves use of a heavy duty crane, significant root pruning and transportation by barge. A web link to the original article is included below:

Photograph Used Courtesy of Andres Leiva/Daily News

http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/local/mighty-crane-needed-move-giant-tree-bradley-park-palm-beach/UcGoMJNV1cw68haQ75g4UP/

Can Trees Actually Protect Your Home from Hurricanes?

Trees have many benefits including providing oxygen, habitat for wildlife, shade, cooler temperatures etc.. But did you know that trees also can protect you and your property from storms and hurricanes? Groups of trees properly planted together can provide a wind break, and buffer each other from the effects of high winds. During a hurricane this can mean the difference from an intact home to one that loses its roof and sustains significant wind related damage. Trees can also prevent soil erosion from sudden rain events and floods, as their root systems help stabilize the soil profile. While we continue to recover from the effects of this year's hurricane events, keep in mind all the benefits trees provide. I have included some additional links with further details on how trees can provide protection from storm events below.

http://www.bigblogofgardening.com/how-trees-protect-your-home-by-slowing-wind-speed-soil-erosion-and-water-runoff/
https://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/1240

Stormwise South Florida Landscapes

http://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/care/planting/planting-and-establishing-trees.html

Up Righting Fallen Trees

One of the most commonly asked questions after a hurricane aside from can my tree be saved is how and should you upright a tree that has been blown over in a storm. The answer depends on the integrity of the tree's root system and the size/dbh (diameter breast height) of the tree in question. Typically trees with a dbh less then 6" can be successfully up righted as long as the root zone is relatively intact and free from large defects such as stem girdling, plunging or circling roots. Larger trees may never develop sufficient rooting capacity to successfully anchor the tree without use of permanent bracing systems. I have attached some links to additional information on how to properly re-brace a fallen tree along with methods for doing so.

Photographs showing tree damage post Hurricane Irma, City of Fort Lauderdale

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/fallen-trees.shtml
http://www.broward.org/Parks/Extension/CommercialHorticulture/Pages/UprootedTrees.aspx

https://agrilife.org/treecarekit/after-the-storm/repairing-storm-damaged-trees/

Laurel Wilt Disease

Florida has a robust economy based in large part on the agricultural industry and to a lesser extent revenue sourced from fruit trees such as citrus. Avocado trees are also a part of the fruit trade and recently a disease has arrived that is devastating the avocado tree and its family relative the red bay tree. The redbay ambrosia beetle is host to a fungus that disrupts the transportation of water and nutrients within an infected red bay or avocado tree causing the tree to wilt and eventually die. Identification and removal of potentially infested trees is essential if we want to eradicate this disease and save our beloved Avocado and Redbay trees. Links to information on the diseases and who to report potentially infected trees to is listed below.

Photograph Courtesy of James Johnson, Georgia Forestry Commission

Note frass tubes left by feeding Redbay Ambrosia Beetles.

Redbay Ambrosia Beetle     Laurel Wilt Disease

Kids Ecology Corps./ Tree Related Volunteer Work

I recently had the pleasure of attending the final day of a program entitled "Amazing Kids, Amazing Planet" which focused on promoting a healthy lifestyle, a food growing/gardening component and a greater appreciation of the environment as a whole championed by the Kid's Ecology Corps. and Heal The Planet. Together they have accomplished some amazing things engaging kids in discussions and exercises about the benefits of trees/nature/leading a healthy lifestyle. I was afforded the opportunity to conduct a nature walk, during which time I was able to talk about the importance of our urban forest canopy, point out various native tree species along with identifying several invasive exotics (air potato, sansaveria etc.). Reaching out to our younger generation and empowering them to believe in a healthy environment and healthy urban forest, will help secure our trees for the enjoyment of future generations.

Additional information for the Kids Ecology Corps., heal the planet and the "Amazing Kids, Amazing Planet" program are available here:

Kids Ecology Corps     healtheplanet    

Relocating Extremely Large Trees

I recently came across an article emphasizing the importance of large historic trees, and some commendable efforts spent to ensure their survival in the face of development pressure. This is one of the largest trees I've come across to be relocated of this particular species. Redwood trees are known for their incredible height, longevity and historical significance. The one in this article was grown from a seedling donated by the legendary John Muir aka "John of the Mountains" a noted activist and founder of the Sierra Club.

An aerial view of the sequoia in Boise, Idaho, as workers prepared to transport it about two blocks. Heavy machinery had to be used to prune its roots and build a structure so they could move the roughly 100-foot tree, which was planted back in 1912. Rebecca Boone/AP

For the full article text please click here.

Primeval Underwater Forest Discovered

I recently ran across an article concerning the discovery of a remarkably well preserved 50,000 year old bald cypress forest off the coastline of Alabama. The forest was protected under many layers of sediment and is still in a pristine state. This will present a wonderful opportunity to learn more about our past and specifically the Gulf coast region. As we face the current day issues related to sea level rise and climate change, perhaps the clues/research unearthed in this ancient forest will shed some light on past climates and how they affected tree growth.

                            The forest as it currently stands. Image via Ben Raines/AL.com

How the forest could have looked. Image Credit: Ted Trovillion, US Fish and Wildlife Service.

 

The full article can be accessed by visiting the following website courtesy of Live Science: https://www.livescience.com/37977-underwater-cypress-forest-discovered.html .

Hurricanes, Storms and Your Landscape

  Here is an article I co-authored with my good friend Mark Torok from the Florida Forest Service (FFS) tackling the tough questions around tree care and storms.

Hurricanes, Storms, and Your Landscape

by

Mark Torok, FFS Senior Forester

Mark Williams, Treemendous Consulting Group

Living in Florida, sooner or later, given its history, your landscape is going to be exposed to high winds either from a hurricane, tornado or a storm. So, what can be done to minimize wind damage in your Florida landscape?

 

For starters, have your existing trees inspected annually and/or structurally pruned by an ISA (International Society of Arboriculture) certified arborist who is also licensed and insured. To find an ISA certified arborist in your area, you can use the “Arborist Search” on the ISA website at http://www.isa-arbor.com/findanarborist/arboristsearch.aspx. Having your trees inspected annually (risk assessment) and structurally pruned every 2-5 years will help the trees become more wind-resistant by eliminating or minimizing structural defects such as cross branching, decay, codominant stems, deadwood and included bark in the trees.

 

If you are thinking about redoing and or enhancing your landscape, plant more wind resistant trees. Just like people, all trees are not the same; some are more wind-resistant than others. In general, trees species that are wind resistant are also good compartmentalizers. Good compartmentalizers are tree species that can recover well from wounds and that seal them off effectively preventing the spread of decay. Even trees that are in the same family can vary on how well they compartmentalize. For example, live oak trees are very wind resistant and great compartmentalizers while laurel oaks/water oaks are very poor compartmentalizers and not very wind resistant trees.

 

Another way to make your landscape more wind tolerant is planting trees in groups. In a natural forest setting, winds normally blow over a stand of trees instead of blowing through them unlike the total exposure faced by an individual, open-grown tree. Grouping trees together in tree islands/communal plantings simulates how trees grow naturally and mimics the buffering effect of trees within a natural forest community. But remember to use minimum tree spacing requirements which are typically planting trees at least 15-20 foot on center for tree species that develop large canopy crowns. In order for a tree to develop proper taper a certain amount of wind exposure is also necessary. Some examples of Florida native tree species that are often found growing in groups include slash pine, bald cypress, live oak and sabal palm.

 

Addressing any root defects that may be present before planting will also aid tree establishment and help ensure a well anchored root system.  Some additional information about tree root pruning is available at: (http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/roots.shtml). Remember to plant your tree slightly above grade, install the recommended bracing system and to remove any circling, plunging and girdling roots that are present. The use of Florida Grade No. 1 (Grading Standard for Nursery trees set by FDACS) or above rated trees is also recommended as these trees are of high quality with excellent structure. Trees of this grade typically have greater vigor, establish faster and are free of structural defects commonly present on poorer quality/lower grade trees. Some additional information on proper tree planting and bracing is available at: ( http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/planting2.shtml).

 

 

Here are some high wind resistant native south Florida trees:

 

Gumbo limbo              Green buttonwood     Geiger tree

White stopper             Redberry stopper        Spanish stopper

Lignum vitae                Dahoon holly                Krug’s holly

Black ironwood           Bald cypress                   Pond cypress

FL silver palm              Cabbage/Sabal palm   FL thatch palm

Key thatch palm          Myrtle oak                     Live oak

Sand live oak

Here are some medium-high wind resistant native south Florida trees:

 

Pond apple                    Satinleaf                        Royal palm

Pigeon plum                  Wild tamarind             Sweetbay magnolia

Mastic tree                    Paradise tree               West Indian mahogany

 

References

Duryea, M.L. 2008. Trees and Hurricanes. Website: http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/treesandhurricanes/index.shtml of the University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Gainesville, FL.

 

Gilman, E. 2005. Tree selection for landscapes. Website with 680 Tree Fact Sheets: http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/planting/TreeSelectionIntroduction.htm of the University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Gainesville, FL.

 

Crawford, P. 2005. Florida Gardening Series, Volume 3 – Stormscaping: Landscaping to Minimize Wind Damage in Florida. Color Garden Inc. Canton, GA. 168 pp.

How to Prevent Tree Damage from Storms

Preventing damage to mature tree canopy due to storms starts with ensuring that proper tree pruning has been scheduled and completed by an ISA Certified Arborist and or company. Removal of existing hazards (cross branching, hanging limbs, deadwood etc.) and establishing a central leader when applicable should be the main priorities. Normally canopy trees should be inspected at least annually for the presence of any hazardous defects. "Hurricane" trimming of trees is not necessary every year and can actually be harmful be removing much more canopy then is necessary weakening your trees. The rule of thumb for scheduling structural pruning is once yearly for trees that are 1-7 years of age, every 1-2 years for trees 7-14 years of age and 3+ years for trees 14 years and older. For trees that have been storm damaged tree evaluation for hazard abatement is a must. Only utilize a trained ISA Certified Arborist and or company to perform this type of pruning.

For some additional tips on structural pruning for trees please see the following references:

Pruning Young Trees, Restoration Pruning, Mature Tree Pruning

How to Protect Trees During Construction

Trees are a valuable resource and when planning construction on a site where they are present, care must be taken to avoid any potential for damage. The best time to incorporate tree protection measures is before construction has begun during the early planning stages. At this point final designs typically haven't been completed leaving multiple options to incorporate and protect trees as part of a sustainable landscape/construction design process. As damage can occur to a tree's trunk, canopy and root zone normally tree protection zones are created that protect all three areas. The zones are typically laid out and defined on construction plans as areas where no construction activities can occur, no equipment can be stored and no chemicals and or construction debris can be placed. A tree protection barrier is also a typical requirement that must be installed prior to construction onsite and maintained throughout the project.

For some additional information on tree protection strategies please visit the following website:

Tree Preservation During Land Development